Regulation
Perpres
Also known as: Peraturan Presiden
TL;DR
An Indonesian presidential regulation; Perpres 98/2021 set the carbon-pricing baseline and Perpres 110/2025 opens international carbon trading.
Full explainer
Perpres — Peraturan Presiden, presidential regulation — is a legal instrument issued directly by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, sitting below laws (Undang-Undang) and government regulations (Peraturan Pemerintah) but above ministerial regulations in the legal hierarchy. Perpres are the typical vehicle for setting cross-ministerial policy frameworks where a single ministry's authority is insufficient.
For the carbon market, Perpres 98/2021 (Penyelenggaraan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon, the 'carbon-economic-value' regulation) established the legal baseline for carbon pricing in Indonesia — defining cap-and-trade, carbon offsets, and result-based-payment mechanisms. Perpres 110/2025 subsequently opened the framework to international trading and authorised Article 6 cooperative approaches with foreign jurisdictions.
Related terms